ReviewRSC advances2026
Recent progress in indigo carmine remediation through adsorptive, photocatalytic, electrochemical, and biological approaches.
Review in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Indigo carmine (IC) persists in aquatic environments due to its high solubility, aromatic stability, and sulfonated structure, raising toxicity concerns and inducing the formation of harmful oxidative intermediates. This review critically summarizes the information on IC and provides a mechanistic evaluation of its removal through adsorption, photocatalysis, electrochemical oxidation, biodegradation, and enzymatic treatment. Adsorption remains the superior performance and simplest decolorization method, whereas photocatalysis and advanced oxidation provide deeper degradation through radical-mediated cleavage of the chromophore and aromatic rings. Electrochemical technologies ensure rapid oxidation through direct/indirect anodic processes, while microbial and enzyme-based treatments (particularly using laccases and peroxidases) offer environmentally benign pathways for detoxification under mild conditions. A comprehensive comparison of material classes, like inorganic adsorbents (activated carbon (AC), biochar (BC), graphene derivatives, zeolites, porous silica, metal oxides, metal sulfides, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs)), organic polymers (synthetic resins, chitosan (CS), cellulose, and alginate), and biological systems (microorganisms and isolated enzymes), highlights their functional roles, advantages, and limitations. The factors enhancing the IC removal efficiency, like the solution pH, functional surface chemistry, porosity, ionic strength, catalyst doping, light utilization, hybrid systems, and process integration, are examined critically to identify optimization strategies. The main challenges remain in scaling laboratory findings to real wastewater treatment processes and understanding by-product toxicity, which, if overcome, would improve catalyst stability/regeneration and reduce energy consumption. Future perspectives emphasize the development of hybrid materials combining adsorption and catalytic properties, visible-light-active and immobilized photocatalysts, engineered enzymes, and integrated treatment trains for complete mineralization with a low environmental footprint. This review provides a holistic and analytical foundation for advancing efficient, scalable, and sustainable technologies for the removal and detoxification of indigo carmine from contaminated water.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.