ArticleParasite immunology2026
Impact of Prior Exposure to Anisakis simplex Antigens on Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.
Article in Parasite immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Parasitic infections can induce immunomodulatory effects that may influence host responses to vaccination. Chronic exposure to Anisakis antigens could modify T-cell and antibody profiles, potentially affecting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in endemic populations. We aimed to determine whether prior exposure to Anisakis alters SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immunity. Forty healthy volunteers were evaluated at five time points before and after receiving either the Pfizer-BioNTech or Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines. Serum levels of anti-Anisakis and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were quantified by ELISA, whereas T- and B-cell subsets and apoptosis rates were analysed by flow cytometry. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induced significant changes in anti-Anisakis antibody levels, particularly IgG and IgA, which increased after the second dose and persisted throughout follow-up. Individuals seropositive for anti-Anisakis antibodies exhibited higher post-vaccination anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, and anti-Anisakis IgA positivity correlated with stronger anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA responses at specific time points. Positive associations were also observed between anti-Anisakis antibody levels and circulating T- and B-cell subsets. Prior sensitization to Anisakis antigens appears to influence both the magnitude and quality of the adaptive immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, affecting antibody profiles and lymphocyte subset dynamics. Conversely, COVID-19 vaccination can alter humoral reactivity to Anisakis antigens, indicating bidirectional immunomodulation between parasite exposure and vaccine-induced immunity.
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