Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42744484›Full record

ArticleJournal of safety research2026

The moderating role of visual perception skills on the association between temperamental fear and children's pedestrian safety.

Angelina R Davis, David C Schwebel, Anna Johnston, Leslie A McClure, Casie H Morgan, Cierra Hopkins Smith, Lindsay M Stager, Yan Wang, Yixin Wang, Jiabin Shen

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of safety research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Angelina R DavisDepartment of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
David C SchwebelDepartment of Psychology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
Anna JohnstonDepartment of Psychology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
Leslie A McClureCollege for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, United States.
Casie H MorganDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
Cierra Hopkins SmithCenter for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21204, United States.
Lindsay M StagerDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
Yan WangDepartment of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
Yixin WangDepartment of Psychology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
Jiabin ShenDepartment of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States. Electronic address: Jiabin_Shen@uml.edu.

Funding

Traumatic Stress Across the Lifespan: A Biopsychosocial Training ProgramT32MH018869 · NIMH · MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA · PI CARLA KMETT DANIELSON, DEAN Gaines KILPATRICK · 1988 to 2026
$7.2M
Training in Behavioral & Preventive MedicineT32HL076134 · NHLBI · MIRIAM HOSPITAL · PI John Graham Thomas · 2006 to 2026
$5.7M
Virtual Reality by Mobile Phone: Improving Child Pedestrian SafetyR01HD088415 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI SCHWEBEL, DAVID C · 2016 to 2021
$2.8M
NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL076134NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD088415NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH018869
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionChild pedestrian safety is a significant public health concern. Children with greater temperamental fear have higher risk of being struck by a vehicle and engage with visual information near roadways differently from less fearful children. This study examined how visual perception skills may moderate the association between temperamental fear and child pedestrian safety in a virtual reality (VR) environment.

methodAs part of a larger study, 485 children ages seven- to nine-years completed 21 baseline street crossings in an immersive VR environment. Each participant's average percent of virtual collisions with a vehicle was considered along with scores for temperamental fear and visual perception skills, as measured by visual discrimination and figure-ground perception.

resultsHigher levels of temperamental fear were associated with an increased likelihood of being struck by a virtual vehicle (B = 0.009, p = 0.004). Visual discrimination was a significant moderator of the association, with higher visual discrimination scores weakening the association between temperamental fear and collisions (B = -0.002, p = 0.010). Figure-ground perception was not a significant moderator (B = 0.000, p = 0.766).

conclusionsThese results strengthen the evidence linking temperamental fear to unsafe pedestrian behavior and reveal that visual discrimination skills may help children compensate for increased temperamental fear when crossing the street. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study's findings open potential avenues for intervention programs to augment visual discrimination skills and teach children pedestrian safety.

Indexed as

Accidents, TrafficFearPedestriansSafetyTemperamentVisual PerceptionChildFemaleHumansMaleVirtual RealityPedestrian safetyPediatricsTemperamental fearVirtual realityVisual perception skills

Identifiers

PMID42744484
PMCPMC13578998

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.