ArticleDiving and hyperbaric medicine2026
Evaluation of external ventricular drain performance under hyperbaric conditions: a bench study.
Article in Diving and hyperbaric medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: External ventricular drains (EVDs) are widely used for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion in neurocritical care. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) exposes medical devices to increased ambient pressure; however, limited data exists regarding EVD performance and reliability under hyperbaric conditions. Methods: A bench study was conducted to evaluate EVD performance under hyperbaric conditions. A rigid, non-compressible saline-filled column was used to assess pressure measurement stability independent of compliance effects. Additional compliance-based syringe models were explored to assess the feasibility of evaluating unclamped drainage behaviour. A commercially available EVD system (CODMAN EDS 3; Codman and Shurtleff, a Johnson and Johnson company, Raynham, MA, USA) was exposed to stepwise ambient pressures from 101 to 283 kPa (1.0-2.8 atmospheres absolute) in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber. Pressure measurements, drainage behaviour, fluid column stability, and system integrity were assessed. Results: The CODMAN EDS 3 EVD system maintained structural integrity across tested pressure levels. While pressure measurements were stable in the rigid open glass syringe model, the closed compliance-based models demonstrated pressure variability during chamber pressurisation, including when closed to fluid drainage. Unclamped testing using these models demonstrated inconsistent fluid dynamics, precluding reliable assessment of fluid drainage behaviour under hyperbaric conditions. Conclusions: The CODMAN EDS 3 EVD system remained structurally intact during hyperbaric exposure; however, pressure measurements varied in closed models, including when closed to fluid drainage. ICP measurements obtained during HBOT should be interpreted with caution due to potential pressure-related artefacts. Reliable continuous assessment of fluid pressure drainage behaviour remains limited by current bench model constraints. Further research incorporating advanced brain compliance simulation models and carefully designed in-vivo observational studies is required to better characterise EVD behaviour under hyperbaric conditions and to ensure safe clinical use and accurate interpretation of ICP measurements in the hyperbaric environment.
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