ReviewVeterinary and animal science2026
Canine parvovirus in Africa: Explaining persistent disease despite vaccination.
Review in Veterinary and animal science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) remains one of the most important causes of infectious gastroenteritis and mortality in puppies worldwide despite the widespread availability of effective vaccines. Although vaccination has substantially reduced disease incidence since the introduction of modified-live vaccines, CPV continues to circulate globally, and cases of parvoviral enteritis are still reported in both vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs. These observations have generated ongoing debate regarding the relative contribution of viral, host, and management factors to vaccination failure. This narrative review provides an updated synthesis of CPV epidemiology, vaccination strategies, causes of vaccine failure, and recent advances in prevention and treatment. Particular attention is given to major controversies surrounding antigenic variation, maternally derived antibody (MDA) interference, host-related factors, and vaccination protocol compliance. The review examines the emergence and global spread of CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c and critically evaluates experimental and field evidence regarding their impact on vaccine efficacy. While concerns regarding antigenic mismatch have accompanied the emergence of CPV variants, current evidence indicates that commercially available modified-live vaccines provide substantial cross-protection against circulating strains, including CPV-2c. In contrast, MDA interference, incomplete vaccination schedules, inadequate population immunity, improper vaccine handling, and high environmental infectious pressure appear to account for most reported vaccination failures. The review also discusses the concept of the immunity gap and the evolution of international vaccination recommendations, including administration of repeated vaccine doses until at least 16 weeks of age and an additional booster at approximately 26 weeks in selected high-risk situations. Recent advances in passive immunotherapy, including CPV-specific monoclonal antibodies and hyperimmune plasma, are also reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on African epidemiological settings, where limited surveillance systems, variable vaccination coverage, sustained environmental viral circulation, and frequent deviations from international vaccination guidelines may contribute to persistent disease burden. Morocco is presented as a representative example of these challenges because, despite the availability of effective vaccines, veterinarians continue to encounter frequent cases of parvoviral enteritis and apparent vaccination failure in the absence of structured surveillance and pharmacovigilance systems. By integrating recent experimental, clinical, and epidemiological evidence, this review aims to clarify the mechanisms underlying CPV vaccination failure and to identify priorities for improving disease prevention and control in Africa and other regions facing similar epidemiological constraints.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.