ArticleFrontiers in physiology2026
Dmax-derived lactate-threshold intensity profiles and associated factors in adolescent swimmers: a multicenter cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To identify data-driven Dmax-derived threshold-intensity profiles in adolescent swimmers by jointly considering pool-based and land-based incremental-test indicators and to examine hematological, performance-related, maturation-related, and psychoperceptual characteristics associated with profile membership. Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional study included 247 adolescent swimmers from three training centers. Participants completed a land-based cycling incremental test and a pool-based 5 × 200 m front-crawl incremental test. Pool-based Dmax-derived threshold intensity was expressed as swimming velocity at the Dmax point relative to event-specific personal-best velocity, whereas land-based Dmax-derived threshold power was expressed as cycling power output at the Dmax point. The two indicators were entered into latent profile analysis. Between-profile comparisons incorporated effect sizes, 95% confidence intervals, and Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment for multiple testing. Candidate variables were selected according to prior evidence and biological plausibility, screened for strong pairwise correlations, and entered into a multinomial logistic regression model with study center included as a categorical fixed effect. Results: Three ordered threshold-intensity profiles were identified: lower (n = 117, 47.4%), intermediate (n = 72, 29.2%), and higher (n = 58, 23.5%). The selected model showed good classification accuracy (entropy = 0.929). Relative to the lower profile, membership in the intermediate profile was associated with a higher red blood cell count (OR = 7.765, 95% CI: 3.198-18.849), lower perceived exertion (OR = 0.500, 95% CI: 0.372-0.672), and greater last-repetition completion relative to personal-best velocity (OR = 1.725, 95% CI: 1.317-2.259). Membership in the higher profile was associated with a higher red blood cell count (OR = 40.412, 95% CI: 10.844-150.605), lower perceived exertion (OR = 0.300, 95% CI: 0.197-0.457), greater last-repetition completion (OR = 2.903, 95% CI: 2.007-4.200), lower mental fatigue (OR = 0.954, 95% CI: 0.916-0.993), and greater sport mental toughness (OR = 1.134, 95% CI: 1.041-1.235). Conclusions: Adolescent swimmers exhibited three data-driven, ordered patterns in the joint distribution of pool-based Dmax intensity and land-based Dmax power. Profile membership was associated with concurrent hematological, performance-related, and psychoperceptual characteristics. These profiles provide an exploratory person-centered framework for describing cross-modal threshold-intensity heterogeneity rather than biologically discrete phenotypes or prescriptive training categories. Their reliability, longitudinal stability, and responsiveness to training require further evaluation.
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