ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Non-linear effects of technological immersion on directed attention restoration: an exploratory study across smartphone, tablet, and virtual reality interfaces.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: While Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly adopted for digital biophilic interventions aimed at mitigating mental fatigue, it remains unclear whether higher technological immersion linearly enhances directed attention restoration. Objectives: This study investigated the restorative effects of three levels of immersion: smartphone (low), tablet (moderate) and VR headset (high), on directed attention following exposure to a nature video. Methods: Ninety adults completed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) before and after the intervention. Results: While intra-group analyses provided extreme evidence for attentional restoration using a tablet ( Conclusions: These data indicate that the highest level of immersion provided no restorative advantage over the lowest level, potentially due to the cognitive overhead associated with VR. These findings provide moderate evidence against a linear relationship between immersion and restoration, highlighting the need to carefully consider the biomechanical and cognitive confounds of immersive technologies.
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