ArticleChemical science2026
Bismuth-guided cavity confinement breaks the stability-utilization trade-off in zinc powder anodes.
Article in Chemical science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) is severely hindered by the poor reversibility of the Zn anode, which stems from a self-amplifying cycle involving dendrite growth, interfacial side reactions, and electrically isolated "dead Zn" formation. Here, we report a spray-assembled three-dimensional copper mesh-supported particulate Zn anode, in which Zn particles are encapsulated by an inner bismuth interlayer and an outer carbon confinement shell (3D-C/Bi@Zn-p). Unlike conventional surface stabilization strategies, this surface-engineered architecture enables a unique interface-guided, cavity-confined inward deposition mechanism. During stripping, Zn is selectively extracted from the particle core, leaving behind a robust bismuth-carbon composite shell embedded with isolated internal cavities. In the subsequent plating step, the passivated carbon outer layer effectively suppresses parasitic reactions and prevents Zn nucleation on the external surface, while the inner bismuth layer provides a highly zincophilic interface that kinetically directs Zn
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