Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42741131›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026

Temporal trends and mortality associated with difficult-to-treat resistance in bloodstream gram-negative bacilli: a retrospective cohort study in Southern Saudi Arabia.

Yahya Shabi, Ali M Somily, Khalifa Binkhamis, Tarik Alazraqi, Safia Abdullah Mohammed, Sara Habbash, Norah Yahya Algathradi Asiri, Esmahan Tahtouh, Mona M Alshahrani, Ibrahim Tawhari and 5 more

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Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Yahya ShabiDepartment of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Ali M SomilyDepartment of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Khalifa BinkhamisDepartment of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Tarik AlazraqiDepartment of Internal Medicine, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Safia Abdullah MohammedDepartment of Internal Medicine, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Sara HabbashDepartment of Internal Medicine, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Norah Yahya Algathradi AsiriDepartment of Internal Medicine, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Esmahan TahtouhDepartment of Internal Medicine, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Mona M AlshahraniDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Ibrahim TawhariDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Soliuman MohamedDepartment of Haematology and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
Abdulah J AlqahtaniDepartment of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Ihab M AbdelrahimDepartment of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Raghad DarwishCollege of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulah Os BawazeerDepartment of Microbiology, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance among bloodstream gram-negative bacilli is a major driver of infectious-disease mortality, yet broad resistance labels can obscure clinically important heterogeneity. We aimed to characterise long-term organism and resistance trends, including difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR), among bloodstream gram-negative bacilli and to estimate their association with 30-day in-hospital mortality. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients aged 12 years or older with blood cultures yielding Enterobacterales or non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (GNB) at a 500-bed tertiary hospital in Southern Saudi Arabia from 1 January 2013 to 27 August 2024. Duplicates within 14 days were excluded; trends were analyzed with segmented binomial regression and mortality with modified Poisson regression adjusted for age, sex, intensive-care status, infection source, healthcare-associated infection, COVID-19 era, calendar year and Elixhauser comorbidity score. Results: Among 2027 isolate-episodes from 1695 patients, 1487 (73.4%) were Enterobacterales and 540 (26.6%) non-fermenting GNB. The organism mix was broadly stable, but Discussion: In this surveillance cohort, escalating carbapenem resistance and DTR, rather than a shifting organism mix, were associated with worse outcomes, supporting surveillance based on treatment-option phenotypes and prioritization of stewardship and infection-prevention efforts against high-risk GNB.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsBacteremiaDrug Resistance, BacterialGram-Negative BacteriaGram-Negative Bacterial InfectionsAdolescentAdultAgedFemaleHospital MortalityHumansMaleMicrobial Sensitivity TestsMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesSaudi ArabiaAnti-Bacterial Agentsantimicrobial resistance surveillancebloodstream infectioncarbapenem resistancedifficult-to-treat resistancegram-negative bacteriaKlebsiella pneumoniaeretrospective cohort studySaudi Arabia

Identifiers

PMID42741131
PMCPMC13572238

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.