ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2026
Electromyographic analysis of muscle activation and co-activation across smash phases in para-badminton: an exploratory investigation of neuromuscular coordination.
Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine and compare muscle activation and co-activation across the backswing and forward swing phases of the para-badminton smash to improve understanding of phase-specific neuromuscular coordination that may inform future biomechanical and injury-related research. Methods: Nine elite para-badminton players were recruited for the study (body mass: 79.0 ± 7.9 kg; height: 172.1 ± 5.2 cm). Surface electromyography (sEMG) signals were recorded using a wireless EMG system, and data were collected from eight muscles (flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae longissimus). Results: The results indicated that the wrist (flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris) and elbow (biceps and triceps) muscles showed significantly greater activation during the forward swing ( Conclusion: Overall, the findings indicate that muscle co-activation is segment-specific and adapted to the mechanical demands of each joint within the kinetic chain. Imbalances such as excessive wrist co-activation or insufficient proximal stabilization may increase injury risk. Therefore, injury prevention in para-badminton should focus on optimizing wrist stability, maintaining elbow muscle balance, enhancing shoulder control, and improving trunk stability to support efficient force transfer and performance.
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