ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Sex and age are associated with host immune responses and multi-organ dysfunction in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: Sex- and age-related disparities are independent risk factors for poor COVID-19 outcomes, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 395 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (December 2022-March 2023). Biomarkers of multi-organ injury and immune responses were analyzed to evaluate the impact of sex and age on disease progression and clinical outcomes. Normality was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test; Student's Results: Among 395 patients (68% mild, 32% severe), males accounted for 76% of severe cases and patients aged ≥75 years for 79%. After false discovery rate correction ( Conclusion: Sex and age differences are closely associated with COVID-19 severity, likely due to multi-organ dysfunction and immunosuppression following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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