Observational studyRespiratory research & clinical practice2026
Regional disparities in access to spirometry in the Brazilian public health system.
Observational study in Respiratory research & clinical practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Beyond the cross-sectional snapshot: longitudinal trends, regional disparities, and the pandemic-related disruption of spirometry in Brazil.Respiratory research & clinical practice · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To describe the spatial distribution of spirometry tests recorded in the Brazilian Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS, Unified Health Care System) in 2023 and 2024. Methods: This was a population-based observational study analyzing all spirometry records in the SUS Outpatient Database for the 2023-2024 period across all 5,570 Brazilian municipalities. Rates of spirometry per 100,000 population were calculated by using population projections from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, considering only individuals ≥ five years of age, and subtracting those with private health insurance-as per data from the National Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurance and Plans. Results: A total of 718,464 spirometry tests were recorded in the SUS during the study period (341,654 in 2023 and 376,810 in 2024). The tests were performed in only 398 municipalities (7.1% of the total number of Brazilian municipalities). It is estimated that approximately 83.5 million individuals, representing 61% of the SUS-dependent population, live in municipalities without any records of spirometry. The median distance to the nearest municipality with spirometry was 50 km, being as high as 902 km in remote areas of the Amazon region. The southeastern region had the highest proportion of municipalities providing the test (11.6%), and the northern region had the lowest (2.7%). Among the state capitals, there was marked heterogeneity in test rates, with Vitória at the top (with 2,406 tests per 100,000 population) and Macapá recording no tests. Conclusions: Access to spirometry in the SUS is highly unequal, with severe geographic and population-based disparities. A significant proportion of the population lacks local availability, often requiring long travel distances to have access to spirometry.
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