A Scalable Multi-Sensor Vision Framework for Automated Bat Monitoring and 3D Habitat Analysis.

Automated wildlife monitoring systems are essential for studying bat populations in natural environments, where nocturnal behavior, high flight speeds, and limited illumination make conventional observation difficult. This paper presents a modular multi-sensor vision system that integrates RGB, near-infrared (NIR), and depth cameras for automated bat monitoring. The proposed architecture consists of one main module and two secondary modules that can be configured into multiple operating modes according to monitoring requirements. The main module operates independently to perform real-time habitat reconstruction using an integrated depth camera or bat detection using a YOLO-based model. When combined with one secondary module, it forms a stereo vision system for three-dimensional localization; when combined with both secondary modules, it generates panoramic images that substantially expand the field of view for monitoring large cave entrances and other complex environments. The proposed modular architecture enables flexible deployment while supporting multiple sensing configurations within a single platform. The modular design provides scalability, geometric consistency through multi-sensor calibration, and flexible deployment, enabling accurate bat detection, habitat reconstruction, and wide-area monitoring within a unified sensing framework. The proposed system provides a versatile and scalable solution for adapting wildlife monitoring to different environmental conditions and observation scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate a detection precision of 0.893, a panoramic field of view of 119°, and real-time processing at 60 fps, validating the effectiveness of the proposed modular architecture.