Attention-Enhanced YOLOv11 for Early Detection of Fungal-Induced Forest Tree Decline.

Pathogenic fungi and their synergistic interactions with bark beetles, leading to vascular dysfunction, physiological stress, and eventual tree mortality, increasingly threaten forest ecosystems. Because fungal colonization often precedes visible macroscopic symptoms, early detection remains a critical yet challenging task in forest health monitoring. This study proposes a real-time deep learning-based object detection framework for identifying harmful fungi in proximity to host trees to support early intervention strategies. A custom dataset comprising 8900 images was constructed to represent two classes: Healthy and Unhealthy trees, where fungal presence is detected either directly on the tree or within its immediate ecological vicinity (e.g., near root systems). A fine-tuned YOLOv11 detection architecture is developed and augmented with a squeeze-and-excitation (SE)-like attention mechanism to enhance texture-sensitive feature representation. The model is trained and evaluated using precision, recall, F1-score and mean Average Precision (mAP). Experimental results demonstrate an overall mAP@0.5 of 0.825, with class-wise average precision values of 0.926 (Healthy) and 0.724 (Unhealthy). The Healthy class achieved classification accuracy of 0.92, while 0.71 of Unhealthy instances were correctly detected. F1-Confidence and recall-Confidence metrics indicate that optimal operational performance occurs within a confidence threshold range of 0.30-0.35, balancing false positives and false negatives. Despite the approximately balanced class distribution (50.6% Healthy and 49.4% Unhealthy), detection performance for the Unhealthy class was comparatively lower because of its greater intra-class variability, heterogeneous fungal appearance, and subtle visual manifestations. Findings demonstrate the feasibility of deploying real-time object detection models for early-stage fungal surveillance and highlight the importance of confidence calibration for operational disease monitoring systems.