ArticleNutrients2026
Individual, Interpersonal, and Obstetric Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Polish Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Study Informed by the Socio-Ecological Model.
Article in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesExclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is associated with multiple individual, interpersonal, and healthcare-related factors. Identifying potentially modifiable factors associated with EBF across different levels of influence may help inform future breastfeeding research and support strategies. This study aimed to identify individual, interpersonal, and obstetric factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among Polish mothers, using the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) as a conceptual framework.
methodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 769 Polish mothers of children aged up to 24 months. The questionnaire included sociodemographic and perinatal characteristics, as well as standardized instruments: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes Scale (IIFAS), and Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). Hierarchical binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation by chained equations, with 20 imputed datasets, and estimates were pooled according to Rubin's rules.
resultsExclusive breastfeeding was reported by 610 participants (79.3%). Across the 20 imputed datasets, the final model showed
conclusionsAmong the variables included in the final model, partner encouragement showed the strongest association with exclusive breastfeeding. Mode of delivery and complications/illnesses during pregnancy were also associated with exclusive breastfeeding, while the association between breastfeeding attitudes and exclusive breastfeeding was nonlinear. These findings may inform future prospective and intervention studies examining partner support, breastfeeding attitudes, and perinatal factors in relation to exclusive breastfeeding. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying the observed associations.
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