ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Mechanical, Durability, Carbon Footprint, and Economic Assessment of Sand-Gravel-Gneiss Aggregate Mixtures for Sustainable Road Construction.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of different crushed gneiss contents on the mechanical, durability, environmental, and economic performance of sand-gravel/gneiss mixtures for sustainable road construction. Natural sand-gravel aggregate was blended with crushed gneiss at three proportions (10%, 30%, and 50% by mass). The experimental program included grain size analysis, compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), deformation modulus, and freeze-thaw durability tests. Environmental performance was assessed using a cradle-to-site carbon footprint approach based on Life Cycle Assessment principles according to ISO 14040, ISO 14044, and ISO 14067, with the analysis focused on Global Warming Potential (GWP100), combined with a Total Cost of Ownership analysis. Increasing gneiss content improved mechanical performance, with CBR increasing from 45% to 95% and deformation modulus from 110 to 185 MPa. The 70/30 sand-gravel/gneiss mixture provided the most balanced performance among the investigated compositions, combining high bearing capacity, satisfactory freeze-thaw resistance, and favorable environmental and economic characteristics. Its carbon footprint was 3.90 kg CO
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