3D-Printed Geopolymer Composite Truss Beam: Experimental Verification of Manufacturing and Load-Bearing Capacity in Four-Point Bending.

Geopolymers represent a promising material platform for extrusion-based 3D printing; however, current research remains largely focused on mix design, rheology, printability, buildability, and the relationship between process parameters and the resulting microstructure. This article therefore compares the behaviour of two 3D-printed geopolymer composite truss beams with reference cementitious composite beams developed within the 3D STAR project. The geopolymer elements, 2932 mm long, were designed for the same material volume and target geometry as the reference CC element; however, because of mixture spreading, they reached cross-sections of only approximately 140/250 mm and 170/250 mm. The first beam was printed without setting acceleration, while the second was locally treated with a hot-air gun. In four-point bending, GC-2 was loaded first and reached 22 kN, while GC-1 was loaded second and reached 29 kN; the reference cementitious beams reached 31 and 40 kN. The CC elements failed by rupture of the tensile reinforcement, while the GC elements failed by joint failure followed by deformation and local disintegration of the composite. The study thus shows that the main difference between the two systems lies not only in the achieved load-bearing capacity, but also in stiffness, the shape of the load-displacement diagrams, and the failure mechanism.