ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Interferon Regulatory Factors as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease: Focusing on Vascular Inflammation.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family exerts dual regulatory roles in vascular inflammation. Pro-inflammatory IRF1/3/5/7 drive endothelial dysfunction, macrophage M1 polarization, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) transdifferentiation, and adaptive immune amplification via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING), and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways. Conversely, IRF4/8 mediate anti-inflammatory effects by promoting M2 polarization, reverse cholesterol transport, and dendritic cell regulation. In atherosclerosis, IRFs display spatiotemporal specificity: endothelial IRF3 in early stages, macrophage IRF1/5 in mid-stages, and smooth muscle IRF7/IRF8 in late stages, supporting phase-specific precision interventions-early IRF3 blockade, mid-stage modulation of IRF5/IRF4 balance, and late combined inhibition of IRF7/8 to stabilize plaques. IRFs also critically participate in hypertensive remodeling, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and aortic aneurysm through conserved innate and adaptive immune axes, highlighting their potential as cross-disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Major challenges include network redundancy and functional compensation, necessitating single-cell multi-omics and targeted delivery systems for spatiotemporally precise, individualized modulation.
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