ArticleFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Extraction, Isolation, and Structural Characterization of Coconut Residue Polysaccharides: Immunomodulatory Activity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gastrointestinal Digestive Behavior.
Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Coconut residue, an abundant agro-industrial by-product, represents a potential source of bioactive polysaccharides. In this study, crude polysaccharides (CP0) were extracted from coconut residue and sequentially purified by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow anion-exchange chromatography and Sepharose CL-6B gel-filtration chromatography, yielding two major fractions, CP1 and CP2. Structural characterization revealed galactose- and glucose-rich heteropolysaccharides with distinct molecular characteristics. CP0 exhibited a molecular weight of 369.2 kDa, while the purified fractions CP1 and CP2 had molecular weights of 455.8 and 72.6 kDa, respectively. All fractions contained high carbohydrate contents (96.7-97.7%) and low protein contents (2.30-2.90%). Among the fractions, CP2 exhibited the greatest in vitro radical-scavenging capacity in DPPH and ABTS assays and stimulated the highest NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages without reducing cell viability. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion of CP2 was associated with a progressive reduction in apparent molecular weight and slight changes in relative monosaccharide composition. Gastric- and intestinal-digested CP2 preparations generally exhibited greater in vitro radical-scavenging capacity than native CP2. Intestinal-digested CP2 also produced the highest NO response among the recovered preparations and was associated with increased expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and reduced IL-10 expression, indicating a predominantly pro-inflammatory macrophage response. These biological responses occurred concurrently with digestion-associated molecular changes; however, the present experimental design does not establish a direct causal structure-activity relationship. Overall, the findings provide new information on the physicochemical characteristics, gastrointestinal behavior, radical-scavenging capacity, and macrophage responses of purified coconut residue polysaccharides and support further investigation of CP2 for potential food-related applications and value-added utilization of coconut residue.
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