ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Psychometric Validation of the Kazakh Version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDepression is a major global health burden, requiring culturally appropriate assessment instruments, but no validated Kazakh-language version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is available. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Kazakh PHQ-9 in a community-based, non-clinical sample.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 503 Kazakh-speaking adults (mean age = 24.0 years, SD = 10.1; 51.3% women and 48.7% men) who completed the Kazakh PHQ-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaires. Internal consistency, structural validity, measurement invariance across genders, and convergent validity were assessed.
resultsInternal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.91), and both one-factor and correlated two-factor models showed excellent fit (CFI = 0.998; TLI = 0.997-0.998; RMSEA = 0.046-0.048; SRMR = 0.050-0.052), with a slightly better fit for the latter. Measurement invariance across genders was supported, and PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were strongly correlated (r = 0.68,
conclusionsThe Kazakh PHQ-9 demonstrated excellent internal consistency and structural validity, measurement invariance across genders, and strong convergent validity in this non-clinical sample. These findings support its use for assessing depressive symptoms in Kazakh-speaking adults. Clinical validation is needed to establish diagnostic validity and screening performance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.