Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42734740›Full record

ArticleInfection2026

The enemy in our gut? Infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) in hospital patients: a cohort study comparing 2971 ESBL-E-carriers and 2971 non-carriers.

Milad Fahimi, Selin Saydan, Frank Schwab, Friederike Maechler, Axel Kola, Christine Geffers, Petra Gastmeier, Rasmus Leistner, Luisa A Denkel

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Infection, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Milad FahimiInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
Selin SaydanInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
Frank SchwabInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
Friederike MaechlerInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
Axel KolaInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
Christine GeffersInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
Petra GastmeierInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
Rasmus Leistner *Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
Luisa A Denkel *Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany. luisa.denkel@charite.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-1315

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo quantify the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) with extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and other pathogens in carriers and non-carriers, and to identify risk factors for HAI.

methodsIn 2014 and 2015, a cohort study was conducted including all eligible ESBL‑E-colonized hospital patients and a randomly 1:1 selected sample of non‑colonized controls. Incidence densities per 1,000 patient‑days were calculated, and Fine-Gray sub-distribution hazard models were applied.

resultsIn total, 2,971 ESBL-E carriers and 2,971 non-carriers were included. Among carriers, incidence densities were 3.29 (95% CI 2.76-3.93) per 1,000 patient days for HAI with ESBL-E, and 4.41 (95% CI 3.78-5.14) for HAI with other pathogens. In contrast, ESBL-E HAI among non-carriers was rare with an incidence density of 0.05 (95% CI 0.01-0.21) per 1,000 patient days. ESBL-E colonization was identified as most important risk factor specific for ESBL-E HAI followed by peptic ulcer, congestive heart failure and age.

conclusionIncidence of HAI with ESBL-E was high among ESBL-E carriers, but HAI with other pathogens remained more common. ESBL‑E colonization was the dominant determinant of ESBL‑E HAI, with cases occurring almost exclusively in carriers. In conclusion, a known ESBL-E colonization status is an important predictor, but should not be the only factor to rationalize an empirical strategy targeting ESBL-E without considering additional factors.

Indexed as

ColonizationESBL-EFine-Gray sub-distribution hazard modelHAI with ESBL-EHAI with other pathogensRisk factor

Identifiers

PMID42734740

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.