ArticleInfection2026
Association between Toxocara spp. seropositivity and cognitive outcomes in older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the amirkola health and ageing project.
Article in Infection, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundHuman evidence regarding the association between Toxocara exposure and cognitive function in older adults remains limited and derives largely from U.S. population-based studies, with heterogeneous findings across cognitive domains. Evidence from non-Western older populations is scarce. We therefore examined the association between Toxocara spp. seropositivity and MMSE-based cognitive outcomes among older adults participating in the Amirkola Health and Ageing Project (AHAP) in northern Iran.
methodsThis population-based cross-sectional study included adults aged ≥60 years who participated in phase 3 of AHAP during 2023-2024. Anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), with cognitive impairment defined as an MMSE score <22 based on Iranian validation data. Logistic regression was used to examine MMSE-defined cognitive impairment, and upper-censored Tobit regression was used to evaluate continuous MMSE scores.
resultsAmong 1,559 participants tested for Toxocara, seroprevalence was 44.7% (95% CI, 42.3-47.2%). The analytic sample included 1,453 participants with serological and MMSE data; 223 (15.3%; 95% CI, 13.5-17.3%) had cognitive impairment. In the fully adjusted model, Toxocara seropositivity was not significantly associated with MMSE-defined cognitive impairment (OR=1.31; 95% CI, 0.84-2.06; P=0.231). Similarly, in the fully adjusted Tobit model, the estimated marginal effect of Toxocara seropositivity on the observed MMSE score was -0.16 points (95% CI, -0.51 to 0.18; P=0.356).
conclusionsWe found no statistically significant evidence of an association between Toxocara seropositivity and MMSE-based cognitive outcomes in older adults; however, modest associations cannot be excluded. Longitudinal studies using domain-specific cognitive assessments are needed.
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