ReviewMedical gas research2027
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide: role in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea.
Review in Medical gas research, 2027. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder with recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep, leading to cyclic blood gas fluctuations. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide play a crucial role in the pathophysiology. This narrative review aims to explore the role of gases in obstructive sleep apnea pathophysiology, focusing on the molecular pathways and effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia, intermittent hypercapnia, and nitric oxide dysregulation. Chronic intermittent hypoxia stimulates molecular pathways such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and inflammatory cascades such as nuclear factor kappa B, leading to oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic overactivation. Intermittent hypercapnia impacts on chemoreflex sensitivity, ventilatory instability, and autonomic function, with emerging evidence of both pathogenic and potentially beneficial effects. Nitric oxide, which modulates airway tone, vascular reactivity, and immune control, presents a reduced bioavailability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. These three gas mediators contribute to the complex pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea and underlie the long-term cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive risks of obstructive sleep apnea. Appropriately prioritizing the relationship between these gases and the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea contributes to a new understanding of the disease and new treatment approaches in the future.
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