Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42733087›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Quality, chemical composition, and antimicrobial potential of Citrus peel essential oils against urinary tract infection pathogens.

Farah Aprisza Sheelmarevaa, Pramesthi Reitza Navisya Vasall, Fauzan Setiawan, Nandang Permadi, Jamaludin Al-Anshori, Yaya Rukayadi, Faridah Abas, Euis Julaeha

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Farah Aprisza SheelmarevaaDoctoral Student at Chemistry Study Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia.
Pramesthi Reitza Navisya VasallDoctorate Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
Fauzan SetiawanDoctoral Student at Chemistry Study Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia.
Nandang PermadiResearch Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia.
Jamaludin Al-AnshoriDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia.
Yaya RukayadiDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia.
Faridah AbasDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia.
Euis JulaehaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia. euis.julaeha@unpad.ac.id.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common microbial infections worldwide, and the growing resistance to conventional antibiotics highlights the need for alternative therapies. This study evaluated the quality, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity of Citrus peel essential oils (CPEOs) against six UTI-causing pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 2537, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 6275. Essential oils were extracted from the peels of C. aurantiifolia, C. limon, C. nobilis, C. amblycarpa, and C. sinensis, and their quality parameters were assessed in comparison with ISO standards. The chemical composition determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene, and linalool as the predominant constituents, which were further validated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Antimicrobial activity was examined using inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. The results showed that C. limon essential oil (CLEO) exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones reaching up to 81.17 ± 0.827 mm against K. pneumoniae and MIC values as low as 2 µg/mL against C. albicans. In contrast, C. sinensis and C. nobilis essential oils displayed weaker activity, and no significant inhibition was observed against P. aeruginosa. The strong antimicrobial activity of CLEO is likely associated with its higher γ-terpinene content, which is known to disrupt microbial membranes and induce cell death. Overall, these findings highlight CPEOs, particularly CLEO, as promising natural antimicrobial agents for the prevention and management of UTI.

Indexed as

Anti-Infective AgentsCitrusOils, VolatilePlant OilsUrinary Tract InfectionsAcyclic MonoterpenesAspergillus nigerBacteriaBicyclic MonoterpenesCandida albicansCyclohexane MonoterpenesEnterococcus faecalisGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansKlebsiella pneumoniaeLimoneneAcyclic MonoterpenesAnti-Infective Agentsbeta-pineneBicyclic MonoterpenesCyclohexane Monoterpenesgamma-terpineneLimonenelinaloolMonoterpenesOils, VolatilePlant OilsAntimicrobialChemical compositionCitrusQualityUrinary tract infection

Identifiers

PMID42733087
PMCPMC13572414

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.