ArticleJournal of separation science2026
Preparation of Gemini-Functionalized Cellulose Paper Sorptive Phases for Enrichment of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water.
Article in Journal of separation science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Cationic cellulose paper is a promising adsorbent for acidic compounds in water. However, cellulose modified with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTAC) often exhibits compromised structural integrity and readily disperses in water. In this study, a Gemini quaternary ammonium salt (Gemini-QAS) was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine with epichlorohydrin and subsequently used for the etherification of cellulose paper. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of the Gemini-QAS onto the cellulose substrate. Tensile testing demonstrated that the Gemini-modified cellulose paper (GCP) exhibited enhanced mechanical strength in both dry (25.16 MPa) and wet (1.54 KN/m) states, and the wet tensile strength ratio was 0.29, whereas EPTAC-modified cellulose paper showed decreased wet tensile strength (0.51 KN/m) and ratio (0.16). Batch experiments demonstrated that the optimal adsorption and desorption conditions for GCP on 12 weakly acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were pH 7.0, an adsorption time of 30 min, and an eluent of 2% formic acid-methanol. Then, these 12 NSAIDs were extracted by GCP from real water samples and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical method achieved limits of detection ranging from 0.02 to 0.64 µg/L and limits of quantification between 0.07 and 2.11 µg/L. Precision, expressed as intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD), remained below 10%, and inter-day RSD below 12%. The relative recoveries ranged from 71% to 102% at spiking levels of 10 and 50 µg/L, while recoveries at 1 µg/L ranged from 65.1% to 89.7% due to more pronounced matrix effects. This work successfully resolves the poor aqueous stability and fiber dispersion issues of EPTAC-modified cellulose, providing a green, low-cost, and robust paper-based sorptive phase for trace NSAID monitoring in environmental water, which aligns with the principles of sustainable analytical chemistry.
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