ArticleClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2026
Hospital-Based Reference Values for Hertel Exophthalmometry in Nepal.
Article in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Population-specific reference values for Hertel exophthalmometry are limited in South Asian populations, including Nepal. This limits clinical interpretation of ocular protrusion in routine practice. This study aimed to establish hospital-based reference values for exophthalmometry, evaluate intra-session measurement repeatability, and examine demographic and anthropometric associations. Methods: Participants aged 6-85 years attending the outpatient department were enrolled using systematic sampling, with every fifth eligible attendee selected. Because recruitment was conducted within a tertiary eye hospital rather than through population-based sampling, the study was designed to provide hospital-based reference data rather than nationally representative estimates. Hertel exophthalmometry was performed by a single examiner with three repeated measurements per eye. Intra-session repeatability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation. Group comparisons were performed using non-parametric tests, and multivariable linear regression identified independent correlates of right eye exophthalmometry value (EV). Results: This study provides the first hospital-based reference data for exophthalmometry in a Nepali clinical population with excellent intra-session repeatability. Provisional upper reference limits are 17.42 mm (95 Conclusion: This study provides hospital-based reference values for Hertel exophthalmometry in a Nepali population. Mean EV was approximately 13.5 mm, with a 95
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