ArticleBMJ open2026
Antibacterial consumption in four paediatric inpatient facilities in Sri Lanka in 2023: a cross-sectional descriptive study.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo describe antibacterial consumption (ABC) in four paediatric inpatient facilities in Sri Lanka in 2023.
designDescriptive cross-sectional study, adapted from the WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System methodology. SETTINGS: Paediatric inpatient facilities in two tertiary and two secondary care government hospitals located across three provinces. DATA: Data on antibacterials for systemic use, J01 in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification issued to these paediatric inpatient facilities in 2023 by their respective hospital pharmacies. OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) ABC at ATC third and fifth levels expressed as defined daily doses (DDDs)/100 admissions, (2) ABC as per WHO 'Access, Watch and Reserve' category, (3) choice of antibacterials within a class, (4) DU 75% for oral and parenteral dosage forms, (5) quality indicators such as amoxicillin index and broad:narrow spectrum ratio.
resultsIn 2023, total antibacterial (J01) consumption across the four paediatric inpatient facilities was 94.49 DDDs/100 admissions. Together, non-penicillin beta-lactams, penicillins and macrolides/lincosamides/streptogramins accounted for 90-98%. Co-amoxiclav was the most consumed antibacterial, and six agents (co-amoxiclav, cefotaxime, clarithromycin, azithromycin, cefuroxime and meropenem) collectively accounted for 70-90%. Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, and quinolones contributed minimally. Access and Watch group antibacterials accounted for 34 and 65%. Quality indicators demonstrated disproportionately higher use of broad-spectrum and Watch group antibacterials.
conclusionHigh use of broad-spectrum and Watch-group antibacterials was observed across the four paediatric inpatient facilities. The findings highlight targets for antibacterial stewardship programmes and demonstrate the feasibility of ABC surveillance in Sri Lanka.
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