ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
iNOS/Arg-1 balance and sIgA levels are associated with intestinal mucosal immune defense in children chronically exposed to air pollutants and lead.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Air pollutants and lead (Pb) are widespread environmental risk factors that may disrupt children's intestinal immune homeostasis. However, the immunoregulatory responses of intestinal mucosal immunity to chronic co-exposure remain poorly understood. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 238 children aged 3-6 years from an e-waste recycling area (Guiyu) and a reference area (Haojiang). Estimated average daily doses (ADDs) of air pollutants and blood Pb levels were assessed. Peripheral blood cells, serum cytokines, macrophage polarization markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase-1 (Arg-1), and serum secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) were measured. Single-pollutant regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression, and restricted cubic spline analyses were performed. Network toxicology was used to explore potential molecular targets and immune-related pathways. Results: Children from Guiyu had higher blood Pb levels and higher ADDs of PM Conclusions: Long-term co-exposure to air pollutants and Pb was associated with a lower iNOS/Arg-1 ratio and an M2-like macrophage polarization-related marker profile in children. The observed nonlinear association between the iNOS/Arg-1 ratio and sIgA may reflect a potential relationship between macrophage polarization-related immune responses and sIgA-associated mucosal immunity. These findings highlight pollutant-associated immune alterations related to intestinal mucosal defense.
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