ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Public-private partnerships for UAV-assisted emergency medical services in aging communities: an evolutionary game approach.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To analyze the current "market failure" in the large-scale deployment of UAV-assisted automated external defibrillator (AED) delivery networks for aging communities, and to explore innovative "Public-Private Partnership" (PPP) business models to overcome the "cold-start" institutional deadlock. Methods: This study introduces a three-party evolutionary game model comprising community representatives, medical institutions, and UAV operators. By integrating principles of "health economics," we simulated the interactive decision-making processes under bounded rationality. Multi-scenario numerical simulations were employed to quantify the impact of government subsidies, revenue-sharing coefficients, and emergency order densities on the system's long-term evolutionary stability. Results: The simulation results reveal a significant systemic mismatch and an inherent "collective action dilemma" in the absence of policy intervention. A critical non-linear threshold was identified under our model assumptions: a minimum government subsidy ratio of 27.3% is required to effectively hedge early-stage infrastructure risks and trigger a Nash equilibrium. Furthermore, long-term stability analysis demonstrates that while initial fiscal "boosters" are essential, an endogenous emergency call density exceeding 0.12 valid calls per thousand residents monthly-a value that corresponds closely to real-world epidemiological incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)-serves as the critical determinant for systemic sustainability within the simulated environment. Conclusion: The normalized operation of UAV-assisted EMS networks is not merely an engineering optimization problem but a "socio-technical system" challenge plagued by institutional gridlock. There is an urgent need to transition from a technology-driven to an institution-driven governance paradigm. We advocate for inclusive business models based on targeted public health service procurement and the integration of UAV-assisted EMS networks into national medical reimbursement frameworks to bridge the "last-mile" emergency gap and foster "health equity" in aging populations.
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