Theorizing "cultural signatures" in worldwide personal networks.

Background: This paper advances the theory of "cultural signatures" in personal networks by integrating Goodenough's concept of propriospect-the individual's internalized model of culture-with a personal network approach to social structure. We define cultural signatures as the structural traces left by cultural institutions-such as associations, religious practices, or educational organizations-in personal networks. To illustrate this theoretical framework, we revisit Fredrik Barth's ethnography of Sohar, an Omani town characterized by multiculturality and gender segregation. Using the propriospect approach, we show how shared cultural codes of politeness and self-restraint sustain social diversity and how institutions (market, mosques, Wali court, and neighborhoods) shape the gendered topology of personal networks. Methods: To test the theoretical framework, we conducted a web survey in six countries selected across Gelfand's tight-loose cultural range, collecting 1,815 personal networks, about 300 by country, with egos nominating 30 alters and the alter-alter ties. Along with this rich structural information, participants provided sociodemographic data and information about their moral values. The data was analyzed using forest tree methods to predict the country of origin from structural, sociodemographic, or moral values variables. Results: We demonstrate that network structures, especially cohesion measures, significantly contribute to predicting respondents' cultural background (country of origin in this case), supporting the hypothesis that social interaction patterns encode identifiable cultural imprints. Conclusions: By linking cognitive models of culture with measurable meso-level social structures, the paper provides a conceptual and methodological framework for analyzing how cultural diversity manifests in patterns of social interaction.