ArticleJournal of thoracic disease2026
Sex and socioeconomic inequalities in global asthma burden attributable to major risk factors, 1990-2021.
Article in Journal of thoracic disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Asthma remains a major global health issue, and modelled estimates suggest that its burden attributable to modifiable risk factors is unevenly distributed by sex and socioeconomic context. We aimed to assess long-term sex and socioeconomic inequalities in asthma burden attributable to major risk factors from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 modelled estimates, we analysed asthma-specific disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), deaths, and average years of life lost (AYLL; derived as YLLs divided by deaths) attributable to "All risk factors" as a GBD-defined aggregate category, and to four individual risk factors examined separately: high body-mass index (BMI), smoking, occupational asthmagens, and nitrogen dioxide (NO Results: From 1990 to 2021, global asthma DALYs attributable to All risk factors, as defined in the GBD risk-attribution framework, increased by 8.6%, mainly reflecting population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) declined, with an estimated annual percentage change (APC) of -1.8% per year. Male DALYs decreased by 2.2%, whereas female DALYs increased by 24.6%. Among the four specific risk factors assessed individually, high BMI accounted for the largest DALY burden, while occupational asthmagens accounted for the greatest AYLL. Point-estimate inequality trends suggested narrowing absolute and relative inequalities for most risk factors, but occupational asthmagen-attributable burden showed persistent or widening inequalities, particularly in lower-SDI settings. Conclusions: Based on modelled GBD estimates, these findings suggest that equity-oriented strategies targeting modifiable risk exposures may help reduce asthma burden and promote global respiratory health equity.
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