Pathomics-based machine learning models for predicting METTL5 expression and prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: METTL5, an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methyltransferase, has been implicated in tumor progression, but its prognostic value and non-invasive prediction in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear. This study aimed to develop a pathomics-based machine learning model to predict METTL5 expression from histopathological images and evaluate its prognostic significance in LUAD. Methods: A total of 327 LUAD patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with matched hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides, transcriptomic, and clinical data were included and randomly divided into training and validation sets (7:3). Quantitative histopathological features were extracted using PyRadiomics. Feature selection was performed via maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) and recursive feature elimination (RFE), followed by construction of a Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) model. A pathomics score (PS) was generated to assess prognostic relevance. Survival analyses, gene set variation analysis (GSVA), tumor mutational burden (TMB), immune infiltration analysis, and in vitro functional assays were conducted. Results: METTL5 overexpression was independently associated with poor overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) =1.637, P=0.007]. The model achieved good predictive performance [area under the curve (AUC) =0.847 in the training set and 0.752 in the validation set]. High PS was significantly associated with worse survival and remained an independent prognostic factor (HR =1.563, P=0.03). Elevated PS correlated with altered metabolic pathways, increased TMB, and immune microenvironment changes. METTL5 knockdown reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549 cells. Conclusions: The pathomics-based model accurately predicts METTL5 expression and provides prognostic stratification in LUAD, supporting its potential as a practical imaging-derived biomarker.