ArticleFrontiers in neuroscience2026
Risk factors and development of a predictive model for post-traumatic cognitive impairment in patients with frontal lobe cerebral contusion.
Article in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To identify factors associated with post-traumatic cognitive impairment in patients with frontal lobe cerebral contusion and to develop a predictive model to estimate the risk of cognitive dysfunction. This study aims to facilitate early identification of high-risk patients and support the development of individualized clinical interventions. Methods: Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after injury in patients with frontal lobe cerebral contusion. Overall recovery and functional independence were evaluated using the Barthel Index (BI) and the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) at 3 and 6 months post-injury. Correlation analyses were performed to explore the associations between overall cognitive performance and clinical variables, including injury severity, anterior skull base fracture, and anosmia. Potential predictors were initially screened using univariate logistic regression analysis, and variables with Results: A total of 206 patients with mild-to-moderate frontal lobe cerebral contusion were included. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age, unilateral versus bilateral injury, contusion and hemorrhage volume, presence of anterior skull base fracture, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, anosmia during treatment, and mechanism of injury were significantly associated with the occurrence of cognitive impairment ( Conclusion: Age, anosmia during treatment, and mechanism of injury are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with mild-to-moderate frontal lobe cerebral contusion. The predictive model constructed based on these factors demonstrated good discrimination and acceptable calibration, indicating potential clinical value for risk stratification and early intervention.
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