SynthesisPsychonomic bulletin & review2026
The paddle effect on speed perception: A multilevel Bayesian meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The paddle effect is considered one of the most robust phenomena in action-specific perception. In computer game-based Pong tasks, participants perceive targets as moving more slowly when using a larger paddle compared to a smaller one. We employed multilevel Bayesian modeling to conduct the first meta-analysis of this literature. A systematic search identified 26 independent studies from 13 articles, with a total sample size of N = 542. Results provided extreme evidence for the existence of an overall paddle effect, Hedges' g = 0.80, 95% CrI [0.71, 0.88]. Furthermore, Bayesian meta-regression analyses indicated that the effect was not moderated by experimental paradigms or measures, supporting its methodological robustness. The present meta-analysis provides the first quantitative synthesis of evidence for the paddle effect and establishes a foundation for its continued characterization in future research. In accordance with open science practices, the data, R code, and Supplementary Materials are available at the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/fxvbh/overview?view_only=a636518ac0f747eab10780f0e70f1e2d ).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.