ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Infectious, inflammatory, and clinical outcomes among patients prescribed trifluoperazine or amoxapine: a retrospective cohort study using real-world data.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Introduction: The rise of antimicrobial resistance and limited development of new antibiotics have increased interest in drug repurposing. Preclinical evidence suggests that certain psychotropic drugs, including trifluoperazine (TFP) and amoxapine (AXPN), possess antimicrobial or immunomodulatory properties. However, their effects on infection risk in clinical populations are largely unknown. This study evaluated whether TFP or AXPN use is associated with altered risks of infectious illnesses, systemic inflammation, and mortality compared to patients not taking antidepressants. Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized TriNetX, a federated network of de-identified electronic health records from over 75 million patients. Patients prescribed TFP, AXPN, fluoxetine, or no antidepressants/antipsychotics (general control) were assigned to mutually exclusive cohorts. Age- and sex-matched comparisons were conducted for four groups. Assessed outcomes included bacterial and viral infections (e.g., Results: Overall, 2,177 TFP and 834 AXPN patients met the inclusion criteria. TFP was associated with significantly lower rates of ENT/dental infections across all three age groups compared with general controls (RR 0.316-0.405, all Discussion: These exploratory findings identify potential signals linking TFP and AXPN to infection susceptibility. Given the study design, these observations are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in future prospective studies.
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