ArticleInternational ophthalmology2026
Development and Optimization of Puerarin-loaded Proniosomal gel for topical ocular delivery: an in vitro and ex vivo evaluation.
Article in International ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe present study aimed to develop and optimize puerarin-loaded proniosomal gel for topical ocular delivery in dry eye disease (DED), overcoming poor corneal permeability, rapid precorneal elimination, and frequent dosing limitations of conventional ophthalmic formulations.
methodsProniosomal gels were prepared using Span 60, cholesterol, Gelucire 44/14, lecithin and Carbopol 974P by coacervation-phase separation method. A three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize three independent variables amount of Span 60 (X1), cholesterol (X2), and Gelucire 44/14 (X3) with entrapment efficiency (EE%) and vesicle size as dependent responses. The goal of the proposed formulation was to achieve maximum EE% and minimum vesicle size as critical quality attributes (CQAs). EE%, vesicle size, PDI, zeta potential, pH, viscosity and drug content were characterized for all formulations. Freshly excised goat corneas were used for the ex vivo transcorneal permeation, while physicochemical stability was assessed during six months according to ICH Q1A(R2) guidelines.
resultsThe Batch PF17 was optimized based upon desirability score of 1.0 showed EE% 81.62 ± 1.14%, vesicle size 248.4 ± 6.18 nm, PDI of 0.288 ± 0.013, zeta potential - 33.2 ± 1.62 mV and drug content 99.24 ± 0.68%. PF17 showed highest transcorneal flux of 220.13 ± 5.24 μg/cm
conclusionPuerarin-loaded proniosomal gel is a promising, stable ocular drug delivery platform demonstrating enhanced ex vivo transcorneal permeation relevant to sustained management of DED. As the present findings are limited to in vitro and ex vivo evaluation, ocular bioavailability was not directly assessed and requires confirmation through future in vivo pharmacokinetic, corneal retention, and biodistribution studies before clinical translation can be established.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42714710What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.