Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42714661›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurology2026

The predictive value of serum neurofilament light chain levels beyond MRI measures for clinical and radiological disease progression in the earliest stages of multiple sclerosis.

Rozemarijn M Mattiesing, Giordano Gentile, Marco Battaglini, Nicola De Stefano, Iman Brouwer, Eva M M Strijbis, Bernard M J Uitdehaag, Frederik Barkhof, Hugo Vrenken, Menno M Schoonheim

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Rozemarijn M MattiesingMS Center Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.mattiesing@amsterdamumc.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-4260
Giordano GentileDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8481-2801
Marco BattagliniDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9188-4408
Nicola De StefanoDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4930-7639
Iman BrouwerMS Center Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0408-0461
Eva M M StrijbisMS Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-5864
Bernard M J UitdehaagMS Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9226-7364
Frederik BarkhofMS Center Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3543-3706
Hugo VrenkenMS Center Amsterdam, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-1172
Menno M SchoonheimMS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-6959

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study investigated the predictive value of neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels beyond MRI measures of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS).

methodsThis study is a retrospective post hoc analysis of the early interferon treatment group of the combined 5-year REFLEX/REFLEXION studies in clinically isolated syndrome. Baseline z-scored NfL (zNfL) and changes in zNfL during the first two years were related to brain atrophy, lesion activity, and clinical progression.

resultsThis study included 262 patients (61.83% female, mean age 31.68 ± 8.43, median Expanded Disability Status Scale 1.5). Mean zNfL levels were highest at baseline and higher in patients with gadolinium-enhancing lesions or high T2 lesion counts (p < 0.001). Baseline zNfL correlated with higher volumes of T2 lesions at baseline and new/enlarging/shrinking/disappearing lesions in years 1 and 2 (r DISCUSSION: Cross-sectional zNfL was related to active disease and predictive of disease progression, but not after taking MRI measures into account. The longitudinal zNfL changes were related to lesion activity and subsequent atrophy, even after including MRI measures.

Indexed as

Disease ProgressionMultiple SclerosisNeurofilament ProteinsAdultAtrophyBiomarkersBrainFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMagnetic Resonance ImagingMalePredictive Value of TestsRetrospective StudiesBiomarkersneurofilament protein LNeurofilament ProteinsAtrophyLesionsMultiple sclerosisNeurofilamentProgression

Identifiers

PMID42714661
PMCPMC13558367

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.