ArticleBiomedical chromatography : BMC2026
LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Zolpidem, Zopiclone, and Their Metabolites in Human Urine and Its Pharmacokinetic Application.
Article in Biomedical chromatography : BMC, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Zolpidem (Z1) and zopiclone (Z2) are widely prescribed for insomnia; but their misuse in drug-facilitated crimes presents significant forensic and clinical challenges. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method, coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), for the simultaneous determination of Z1, Z2, and 18 phase I and phase II metabolites (20 species) in human urine. DLLME employed 1 mL of dichloromethane as extractant and 2 mL of acetonitrile as disperser per 2 mL of urine, reducing halogenated-solvent use compared with conventional liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a HyPURITY C18 column with water-acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) containing 0.2% formic acid. Z1 and Z2 were validated according to ICH guidelines over 0.1-200 ng/mL, showing linearity (R
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