ReviewExperimental and therapeutic medicine2026
Biological mechanisms underlying the effects of low-magnitude mechanical stress in osteoporosis (Review).
Review in Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone strength and an increased risk of fracture. Low-magnitude mechanical stress (LMMS) has been investigated as a non-invasive stimulus capable of modulating mechanotransduction in bone cells. This review synthesizes evidence concerning integrin-cytoskeletal signaling, linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton-mediated nuclear force transmission, connexin 43-mediated intercellular communication and the downstream regulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Preclinical studies indicate that LMMS can activate the Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin pathways in a context-dependent manner. However, clinical responses to whole-body vibration remain heterogeneous, vary according to the applied dose and skeletal site, and have not yet demonstrated fracture-prevention efficacy. Pulsed electromagnetic fields and therapeutic exercise are therefore discussed as related biophysical or mixed-magnitude interventions rather than as forms of LMMS itself. The present review highlights the gap between simplified cellular models and the three-dimensional bone microenvironment and proposes priorities for reporting standards and trial design to facilitate clinical translation.
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