ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
Advanced imaging-integrated rTMS therapy for frontal network recovery after traumatic brain injury.
Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury is frequently followed by persistent executive dysfunction linked to disruption of frontal and frontoparietal networks. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been proposed as a potential adjunctive intervention to support frontal-network recovery. Still, evidence remains heterogeneous and biomarker-guided interpretation is limited. Methods: This retrospective multicenter observational cohort study evaluated adults with traumatic brain injury and persistent executive dysfunction who received standard neurorehabilitation with or without adjunctive high-frequency rTMS. Patients were classified into an rTMS-exposed cohort and a non-rTMS comparison cohort according to documented treatment exposure. Primary outcomes were changes in Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and MoCA executive-domain scores. Secondary outcomes included Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended and Trail-Making Test A/B performance. Multimodal biomarkers included TMS-EEG N100/P200 amplitudes, fNIRS task-evoked left DLPFC oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) response, and resting-state fMRI DLPFC-frontoparietal connectivity. Adjusted regression analyses were performed to estimate associations between documented rTMS exposure and study outcomes. Results: Forty-eight patients were included, with 24 in the rTMS-exposed cohort and 24 in the non-rTMS comparison cohort. Documented rTMS exposure was associated with greater improvement in FAB score at post-treatment assessment (+3.1 points; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.6; Conclusion: High-frequency left-DLPFC rTMS exposure was associated with improved executive recovery and measurable frontal-network modulation after traumatic brain injury. These findings suggest that multimodal neurophysiological and imaging biomarkers may provide useful measures of target engagement for future prospective studies. Given the retrospective observational design, modest sample size, and short-term follow-up, causal inferences regarding treatment effects or biomarker-guided neurorehabilitation cannot be established.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.