ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Comparative analysis of immune escape and BCR repertoire remodeling after Omicron BF.7 and JN.1 infections.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron evolution continues to erode antibody-mediated immunity, but whether infection with antigenically distinct lineages simply amplifies pre-existing memory or redirects humoral recognition toward newly evolved antigenic space remains unclear. Here, we analyzed paired early- and convalescent-phase plasma and whole-blood samples from individuals with sequencing-confirmed BF.7 or JN.1 infection. Integrated neutralization profiling, antigenic cartography, and bulk B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire analysis revealed lineage-associated humoral trajectories. Both breakthrough infections increased cross-variant neutralization, but their updated humoral profiles were not equivalent. BF.7 breakthrough infection broadly boosted neutralization from a BA.5-related background, whereas JN.1 breakthrough infection produced greater gains against BA.2.86, JN.1, and KP.2 and shifted humoral recognition toward late-Omicron antigenic space. Neutralization remained branch-structured, with BQ.1.1 and KP.2 acting as persistent escape nodes within the BA.2/BA.5-related and BA.2.86/JN.1-related branches, respectively. This humoral updating paralleled changes in IGH clonotype counts, repertoire diversity, V/J gene usage, isotype composition, and V-J pairing, whereas major CDR3 length distributions and sequence-logo patterns remained largely conserved. Overall, these findings indicate that antigenically distinct Omicron breakthrough infections generate non-equivalent humoral recall trajectories: BF.7 exposure preferentially reinforced BA.5-related antibody recognition, whereas JN.1 exposure more effectively redirected recognition toward BA.2.86/JN.1-derived variants.
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