Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42712519›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2026

Eco-friendly fabrication of bacterial cellulose nanopaper with enhanced strength and toughness from a powder suspension.

Dieter Rahmadiawan, Hairul Abral, Muhammad Irfan, Fadli Hafizulhaq, Sundaravadanam Vishnu Vadanan, Sierin Lim, Shih-Chen Shi

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Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Dieter RahmadiawanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan.
Hairul AbralLaboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia.
Muhammad IrfanLaboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia.
Fadli HafizulhaqLaboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia.
Sundaravadanam Vishnu VadananSchool of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Sierin LimSchool of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Shih-Chen ShiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable alternatives to petroleum-derived materials in packaging, electronics, and filtration highlights the need for robust and eco-friendly fabrication methods for cellulose-based films. However, cellulose nanopapers with improved mechanical performance are commonly produced using chemical modification or energy-intensive processing, which may limit their scalability and environmental sustainability. In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC) nanopapers with enhanced strength and toughness were fabricated from a non-oxidized BC powder suspension using ultrasonication followed by boiling-water (BW) treatment. BC powder was prepared from wet BC pellicles hydrated in distilled water, sonicated, boiled at 100 °C for 2, 4, and 5 h, and oven-dried. Nanopapers were then fabricated by resuspending the treated BC powder in water followed by casting. The results showed that BW treatment simultaneously improved tensile strength and toughness. The 5-h boiling treatment results in increased tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and toughness by 89% (81.9 MPa), 261% (1,383.5 MPa), 26% (14.8%), and 148% (6.7 MJ/m

Indexed as

bacterial celluloseboiling water treatmentcrystallinitytoughnessultrasonication

Identifiers

PMID42712519
PMCPMC13550159

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