ArticleScientific reports2026
Effects of graded dietary raw bee venom inclusion on growth, immunity, and disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Nowadays, studies on the application of bee venom (BV) in aquaculture have been growing due to its bioactive constituents. However, previous studies have focused on nano-formulated bee venom or parenteral administration routes on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). However, the effects of graded dietary supplementation of raw venom, especially at different inclusion levels, on Nile tilapia are still limited. Therefore, this study focused on investigating the effects of bee venom supplementation at different dosage levels on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, immune responses, immune-related gene expression, disease resistance against Aeromonas sobria, and economic efficiency. One hundred and eighty Nile tilapia were randomly assigned to 4 dietary groups (CONT, BV4, BV8, and BV12) with 3 replicates for each group. The CONT group received a basal diet. The BV4, BV8, and BV12 groups administered bee venom in their diet at 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg, respectively. The growth performance was significantly improved with increasing BV inclusion (P ≤ 0.005), with final body weight increasing from 49.16 g in CONT to 61.96 g in BV12, while FCR decreased from 1.75 to 1.43. Hematological parameters were improved in BV8 and BV12 groups, where hemoglobin concentration increased from 9.39 g/dl in CONT to 12.28 g/dl and white blood cell count increased from 6.08 × 10
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