ReviewJournal of cardiac failure2026
Beyond Tacrolimus: Toward Personalized Immunosuppression in Heart Transplantation.
Review in Journal of cardiac failure, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Heart transplantation remains the definitive treatment for end-stage heart failure, and contemporary immunosuppressive regimens, typically a calcineurin inhibitor, antiproliferative agent, and corticosteroids applied with minimal preemptive individualization, despite profound heterogeneity in recipient immune biology, pharmacokinetics, comorbidity burden, and alloimmune risk. This review examines the case for personalized immunosuppression in heart transplantation across 4 domains. First, we survey the current landscape of immunosuppression, identify key gaps, and discuss emerging strategies. Second, we review the evolving toolbox of posttransplant immune monitoring and molecular biomarkers, including donor-specific antibodies, gene-expression profiling, donor-derived cell-free DNA, and technologies in development, appraising their clinical evidence, performance characteristics, and limitations. Third, we propose a framework for integrating existing tools into composite risk assessment and for developing new approaches to individualized patient management. Finally, we outline future directions for the field, including preimplantation graft gene editing, AI-assisted donor-recipient matching, and continuous risk assessment. Realizing the potential of personalized immunosuppression in heart transplantation will require not only a broader suite of validated biomarkers and integrative risk scores but also novel pragmatic trial designs and surrogate endpoints to support the development of next-generation therapeutics.
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Registered trials
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