ArticleJapanese journal of ophthalmology2026
Kindergarten type, preschool educational environment, and screening-defined myopia in Japanese preschool children.
Article in Japanese journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the association between kindergarten type (public vs private) and screening-defined childhood myopia among Japanese preschool children, and to explore potential behavioral correlates of this association. STUDY
designCross-sectional study.
methodsWe analyzed data from 153 preschool children aged 3-6 years attending public (n=115) or private (n=38) kindergartens in urban Kawasaki City, Japan. Myopia was defined using non-cycloplegic refraction combined with age-specific visual acuity thresholds to reduce overestimation. Kindergarten type was the primary exposure. Prespecified covariates were age, sex, and parental myopia. Exploratory behavioral variables included weekday reading/writing time, screen time, and exercise time at kindergarten. Because only eight children had screening-defined myopia, penalized logistic regression was used.
resultsMyopia prevalence was 1.7% (2/115) in public kindergarten attendees and 15.8% (6/38) in private kindergarten attendees. After adjustment for age and parental myopia, private kindergarten attendance was associated with higher odds of screening-defined myopia (odds ratio [OR], 6.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54-36.86). This association remained consistent in sensitivity analyses additionally adjusting for sex (OR, 7.93; 95% CI, 1.80-46.89) and recoding parental myopia as binary (OR, 8.95; 95% CI, 2.04-53.38). Exploratory analyses showed that private kindergarten attendance was associated with longer weekday reading/writing time and shorter exercise time at kindergarten, but not clearly with screen time.
conclusionPrivate kindergarten attendance was associated with a higher prevalence of screening-defined myopia in this sample of Japanese preschool children. These findings suggest that differences in preschool educational environment and daily visual behavior may contribute to early myopia risk. Further multicenter longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these findings and to identify modifiable environmental factors that may support future strategies for the early prevention of childhood myopia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42709305What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.