ArticleInternational journal of women's health2026
Association of Sulfur Microbial Diet and the Risk of Lung Cancer in Women.
Article in International journal of women's health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and its burden among women-including women who have never smoked-continues to rise. The sulfur microbial diet (SMD), a dietary pattern linked to the abundance of sulfur-metabolizing gut bacteria that generate genotoxic hydrogen sulfide, has been associated with colorectal neoplasia, but whether it is associated with lung cancer risk in women is unknown. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 114,981 women with valid 24-hour dietary assessments. An SMD score was derived from eight dietary components, and participants were classified into quartiles (Q1-Q4). Incident lung cancer was ascertained through cancer-registry linkage. Cox proportional-hazards models with sequential adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical and dietary factors estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Restricted cubic spline, subgroup, sensitivity, substitution and mediation analyses were also performed. Results: During follow-up, 802 incident lung cancer cases were documented. In the fully adjusted model, women in the highest SMD quartile had a higher risk of lung cancer than those in the lowest quartile (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.02-1.54; P for trend = 0.036), and each 1-standard-deviation increase was associated with an 8% higher risk (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.16). The dose-response association was positive and approximately linear, and the findings were robust across subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Substituting vegetables for processed meat was associated with a non-significantly lower risk (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86-1.01), and metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers showed minimal mediation. Conclusion: Greater adherence to a more sulfur-microbial-promoting diet was associated with a modestly higher risk of incident lung cancer in women. These findings extend the relevance of the SMD beyond colorectal neoplasia and support dietary patterns favouring vegetables and legumes over processed meat for lung cancer prevention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.