Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42701135›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Hypothalamic c-Fos expression changes during late chicken embryonic development and increases following experimental stimulation.

Leonhard Kowalczyk, Tobias Kowalczyk, Yile Huang, Maik Hintze, Longfei Cheng, Bernd Hilgers, Stefanie Kuerten, Qin Pu, Inga Tiemann, Ruijin Huang

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Leonhard KowalczykInstitute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Tobias KowalczykInstitute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Yile HuangInstitute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Maik HintzeInstitute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Longfei ChengInstitute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Bernd HilgersInstitute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Stefanie KuertenInstitute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Qin PuInstitute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Inga TiemannPrecision Livestock Farming, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Osnabrueck University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany. i.tiemann@hs-osnabrueck.de.
Ruijin HuangInstitute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany. ruijin.huang@uni-bonn.de.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The timing of functional hypothalamic responsiveness during embryogenesis remains incompletely defined. We examined hypothalamic activation in chicken embryos from embryonic day (ED) 12-17 following experimental stimulation consisting of a localized foot injection of paraformaldehyde (PFA) together with the associated handling procedures required for its administration. Hypothalamic activation was quantified as the proportion of c-Fos-positive cells within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Generalized linear modelling revealed significant effects of both embryonic age and stimulation condition on c-Fos expression, with no evidence of an Age × Stimulation interaction. Across development, stimulated embryos exhibited higher proportions of c-Fos-positive cells than age-matched controls. Independent of stimulation, the only significant difference between adjacent developmental stages occurred between ED14 and ED15, suggesting a candidate transition in hypothalamic maturation. Exploratory analysis indicated that these findings are consistent with an early (ED12-ED14) and a late (ED15-ED17) developmental phase and suggest that ED14-ED15 may represent a candidate phase boundary in hypothalamic maturation.

Indexed as

Embryonic DevelopmentGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalHypothalamusProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosAnimalsChick EmbryoChickensParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosc-FosChicken embryosHypothalamusStimulation evoked responses

Identifiers

PMID42701135
PMCPMC13546284

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.