ArticleClinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)2026
A new teaching method of direct fundoscopy for daily clinical practice.
Article in Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionDirect Fundoscopy (DF) is a vital clinical skill used in ophthalmology, neurology, and emergency care. Despite its importance, many medical students graduate without mastering DF, often due to limited practical training and insufficient understanding of ophthalmoscope use. This study proposes a teaching methodology, incorporating theoretical instruction, ophthalmoscope practice, and peer-to-peer simulated examinations in small groups, to enhance students' understanding of direct ophthalmoscopy and improve their ability to apply this knowledge in clinical settings. The aim of this study is to describe an effective methodology for teaching DF, fostering the development of confident and competent future physicians capable of performing this essential examination. MATERIAL AND
methodsMedical students, divided into groups of five, participated in a supervised DF training period that included both theoretical and practical components. The instruction covered ophthalmoscope operation, proper positioning relative to the patient, and techniques for visualization of the posterior pole of the eye. Students first practiced the complete examination procedure using a poster, followed by peer-to-peer examinations to build confidence. Questionnaires were administered before and after the training to assess students' competence in performing direct fundoscopy.
resultsFollowing the training, the percentage of students able to visualize any structure of the eye fundus significantly increased from 68.5% to 98.6% (p < 0.0001). Similarly, significant improvements were observed in the visualization of all major retinal structures (p < 0.0001), with the exception of the fovea (p = 0.62). Students also reported a marked increase in their confidence in performing the examination.
conclusionThe implementation of a standardized teaching methodology was associated with improvement in skills for performing DF when applied to medical students previosly naive to the method.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.