ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2026
Longitudinal associations of serum MCP-1 with cognitive decline and psychological stress in biomarker-confirmed Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study.
Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; also known as CCL2) is a chemokine implicated in neuroinflammatory pathways that may contribute to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Elevated MCP-1 is associated with glial activation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and immune-cell recruitment. This study assessed the longitudinal association between peripheral MCP-1 and cognitive decline in biomarker-confirmed participants across the AD continuum and explored whether psychological stress was associated with longitudinal MCP-1 changes. Methods: This pilot longitudinal study included 21 amyloid-/p-tau-positive participants across the AD continuum, including six with mild cognitive impairment and 15 with AD. Participants underwent baseline and a single 1-year follow-up assessment. Global cognition was assessed using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale Japanese version, and serum MCP-1 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Stress response, depression, anxiety, apathy, and neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed using validated behavioral and psychological scales. Stepwise multiple regression and partial correlation analyses were performed. Results: Annual changes in peripheral MCP-1 were significantly associated with cognitive decline (β = 0.54, P = 0.005). Psychological stress, measured by the Stress Response Scale-18, was positively correlated with MCP-1 changes (r = 0.75, P = 0.003). These findings suggest that longitudinal serum MCP-1 changes may be associated with cognitive decline in the AD continuum and that psychological stress may be related to MCP-1 dynamics. Discussion: MCP-1 may contribute to AD-related neuroinflammatory activity. The association between psychological stress and MCP-1 changes should be interpreted as exploratory and requires validation in larger longitudinal cohorts.
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