ArticleIDCases2026
Multiclass HIV drug resistance: Case series of treatment-experienced PLHIV with resistance to all antiretroviral classes in Northern Uganda.
Article in IDCases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Multiclass HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is an emerging public health challenge in Uganda, especially among treatment-experienced individuals with long antiretroviral therapy (ART) histories. Resistance across nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), protease inhibitors (PI), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) limits treatment options and threatens program sustainability. This study describes three cases of multiclass HIVDR in West-Nile region of Uganda. Methods: A descriptive case series was conducted among people living with HIV (PLHIV) with documented virological failure and confirmed resistance to all four ART classes between January 2023 and December 2024. HIVDR testing used next-generation sequencing, and resistance mutations were interpreted with Stanford HIVDR database. Clinical data were abstracted and analyzed descriptively. Results: Three cases were identified: two females (20 and 42 years) and one male (14 years), after approximately 10 years on ART. Shared factors included delayed viral load (VL) monitoring, prolonged exposure to failing regimens, delayed resistance testing and adherence challenges related to stigma and psychosocial barriers. All had been exposed to dolutegravir (DTG)-based regimens and developed intermediate-to-high level resistance to DTG alongside mutations in the other classes. Two cases achieved viral suppression < 1000 copies/ml on salvage therapy. Conclusion: These cases demonstrate that high-barrier drugs like DTG and Darunavir remain vulnerable when virological failure persists and adherence is suboptimal. Strengthening VL monitoring, access to genotypic testing and adherence support is essential to prevent Multiclass HIVDR.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.